LAU JIM・May 28,2021

智「營」耆英(下):長者必備鐵、鋅、鈣、B12 微營養素指南

智「營」耆英(下)

<智「營」耆英(下)>

Quick Answer

長者因腸道吸收和蠕動能力下降,常面臨微營養素缺乏問題,這些微營養素對維持身體正常運作至關重要。常見的缺乏包括鐵質、鋅、鈣質及維他命B12,它們分別影響血紅蛋白、免疫力、骨質健康及神經功能。為減緩骨質流失,長者每日應攝取約1500毫克的鈣質,並可透過瘦肉、魚、奶製品和深綠色蔬菜等食物補充這些關鍵營養素。

要知道長者的腸道吸收和蠕動能力都大不如前,這不但令巨量營養素(Macro-nutrients)的吸收受阻,更會影響著微營養素(Micro-nutrients)的吸收。不要以為「微」就等於不重要,它們就像連接著兩個大齒輪中間的一個小齒輪。沒有了它,兩個大齒輪不會同時轉動。微營養素以輔酶(Coenzyme)、輔因子(Cofactor)等身份在體內不同的化學作用中發光發亮,使整個化學作用更快更順暢。所以老人家或身為他們的家人應多留意長者的微營養素水平。以下是老人家們最常缺乏的微營養素。

  • 鐵質(Iron)

缺鐵(Iron Deficiency)在長者這種年齡層中是十分普遍。除了是因為攝取不足和腸道吸收問題外,另一個主要原因是因為血液流失(Blood loss)。疾病、經常進出醫院、行動不便往往都是令血液流失的因素。要知道血紅蛋白(Hemoglobin)的主要成份是鐵,所以血液流失的同時,大量的鐵質都會隨之而流失。故此,老人家可以選擇從肉類如瘦肉中吸收鐵質,因為動物鐵質比植物的較易吸收。但有些長者要戒食紅肉,這些老人家可以從菠菜或其他深綠色的蔬菜中吸取鐵質。

  • 鋅(Zinc)

鋅影響著我們免疫系統,維持免疫細胞數量在一個正常的水平。缺乏鋅使長者的免疫力下降。大多數的長者本身或許已經被不同的長期疾病困擾著,若再加上免疫力下降的話會令細菌入侵的機會大增,這會使身體情況雪上加霜。缺鋅的症狀有傷口癒合能力變差(Bad wound healing)、腹瀉(Diarrhea)、發炎如皮膚炎(Dermatitis)等。而長者可以從肉類如魚、雞等中吸收鋅,使鋅維持一個健康的水平。

  • 鈣(Calcium)

我們時常聽到「老人家骨頭脆」,骨質疏鬆對長者來說都不是一件新鮮的事。一般人在35歲達到顛峰骨量(Peak Bone mass)後,骨質流失的速度便開始快過製造的速度。而鈣質是骨質中最重要的成份。所以為了減緩骨質流失的速度,補充鈣質是重要的任務。長者每日要攝收大概1500毫克的鈣質,除了可以從高鈣低脂的奶粉吸收外,乳酪、低脂芝士、西蘭花都是不錯的鈣質來源。

  • 維他命B12 (Vitamin B12)

吸收維他命B12需要胃和小腸的合作。由胃部的蛋白質和B12結合,再到小腸中被吸收。所以若其中一部分被細菌感染,維他命B12的吸收便會大大受影響。而萎縮性胃炎(Atrophic gastritis)正正就是其中一個例子,亦是老人家中較常見的胃部疾病。若出現這情況,儘快尋求醫生的幫助。

其實要成為一個智「營」耆英,除了要有智慧地揀選食物來保持自己的身體健康外,長者們都要在心理上保持健康。身為長者的家人,應多陪伴他們、關心他們;而老友記亦可以多參與老人中心的活動,認識多一些老朋友。能保持身心健康才是一位智「營」耆英!

Reference:

Beto, J. A. (2015). The Role of Calcium in Human Aging. Clinical Nutritional Research, 4(1), 1-8.

Costarelli, L., Diaz, L. E., Giacconi, R., Malavolta, M., Marcos, A., Moccegiani, E., Romao, J. (2013). Zinc: Dietary Intake and Impact of Supplementation on Immune Function in Elderly. Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands), 35(3), 839-860.

Fairweather-Tait, S. J., Gillings, R., Jennings, A., Myint, P. K., Wawer, A. A. (2014). Iron Status in the Elderly. Mechanisms of Aging and Development, 136-137(100), 22-28.

Wong, C. W. (2015). Vitamin B12 Deficiency in the Elderly: Is It Worth Screening? Hong Kong Medical Journal, 21(2), 55-164.

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Frequently Asked Questions

1 How can I determine if I or my family members have micronutrient deficiencies like those mentioned for seniors?

The article highlights common deficiencies in seniors. Nutrition Point offers a "360-degree sub-health check" service that uses instruments to analyze your body's micro-element content and identify potential deficiencies. This data-driven approach helps pinpoint the root causes of sub-health conditions.

2 What are some good dietary sources for the essential micronutrients like iron, zinc, and calcium, as discussed in the article?

For iron, lean meats are highly absorbable, while spinach and dark green vegetables are plant-based options. Zinc can be found in meats such as fish and chicken. Good calcium sources include high-calcium low-fat milk powder, yogurt, low-fat cheese, and broccoli.

3 How do micronutrients, like those discussed for seniors, relate to managing chronic health conditions?

Micronutrients are vital for various bodily functions, including immune system maintenance and bone health, as seen in seniors. Deficiencies can worsen existing health issues. Understanding and addressing these can be a key part of managing chronic conditions, and Nutrition Point provides disease nutritional consultations for tailored support.

4 Why are micronutrients considered so important for overall health, even though they are needed in small amounts?

Despite their "micro" size, these nutrients are essential. They function as coenzymes and cofactors, enabling crucial chemical reactions in the body to occur smoothly and efficiently. Without adequate micronutrients, the absorption of macronutrients and overall bodily functions can be significantly impaired.