LAU JIM・May 06,2021

營養失調:解析成因、嚴重後果與應對策略

營養失調

在先前的文章中曾提及厭食症和暴食症的成因和影響,這次則會探討營養失調(malnutrition)的話題。相信不少人都會對這次的主題感到困惑,尤其被國際譽為「美食天堂」的香港,街上餐廳種類琳琅滿目,能為市民提供出各式各樣的食物,看起來實在難以與營養失調掛鉤。其實,這種想法是錯的,即使身處的國家或城市的物質資源是多麼富裕,人們均有機會處於營養失調的狀態。

Quick Answer

營養失調 (malnutrition) 是世界衛生組織定義為由飲食不均衡所造成的身體健康狀況,可導致營養過剩、缺乏或能量攝取失衡,長遠更可能引致心血管疾病甚至死亡。即使在香港等富裕地區,快餐文化和加工食品的普及也會導致營養失調,全球平均有19億成年人體重過重,而約4.62億成年人體重過輕,均屬此範疇。

解析營養失調

世界衛生組織定義營養失調為由飲食不均衡的習所造成營養過剩、缺乏、或能量攝取不平衡的身體健康狀況。一般而言,營養失調能引致「過輕」和「過重」兩種情況,長遠可導致心血管疾病和甚至死亡。根據統計,每個國家平均有19億成年人出現過重(overweight)的問題,而約4.62億成年人則出現過輕的問題。

在一些貧窮的地區,人們難以負擔和購買含有豐富營養的食物,如新鮮蔬果、肉類和奶類,因此他們會購買較便宜的食物,一般為高脂、高糖及高鹽分的食物。這些飲食習慣間接令過重和痴肥的數字節節上升,亦被視為營養失調的成因。另一方面,較有富有和生活節奏急促的地方如香港和美國,基於快餐文化的影響,人們都會選擇購買漢堡包、薯條等油炸食物為主食,缺乏蔬果的攝取。

營養失調的後果

除了體重會突然增加或減輕外,營養失調可會導致消化疾病,如消化不良、便秘和肚瀉等,而加工食物正正是引致發不良的元兇之一。當身體嚴重缺乏營養時,即營養缺乏症(nutrition deficiency),身體會漸漸出現明顯病徵。以維他命B12為例,它能協助製造DNA和紅血球,與血液帶氧量和廢物代謝息息相關。維他命B12缺乏症會令皮膚蒼白或出現黃疸、影響口腔健康如腫脹、食慾不振,有可能引致認知障礙。由此可見,長失調不但影響正常功能運作,更會影響健康。

應本地營養失調問題

1. 尋求營養師協助,制定合理的個人化飲食計劃,如增加蔬果和植物性脂肪攝取量,減少進食加工和油炸食品

2. 跟隨食物金字塔,遵守「少鹽、少油、少糖」的飲食法則,提升粒營養素的攝取比例

3. 增強市民對均衡飲食的認識,可在坊間和學校舉行講座和活動,推廣均衡飲食和其執行方法

References:

Dore, M. P., Pes, G. M., Bibbò, S., Tedde, P., & Bassotti, G. (2018). Constipation in the elderly from Northern Sardinia is positively associated with depression, malnutrition and female gender. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology, 53(7), 797-802.

Stabler, S. P. (2013). Vitamin B12 deficiency. New England Journal of Medicine, 368(2), 149-160.

Van de Poel, E., Hosseinpoor, A. R., Speybroeck, N., Van Ourti, T., & Vega, J. (2008). Socioeconomic inequality in malnutrition in developing countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 86, 282-291.

World Health Organization. (2020, April). Malnutrition. Malnutrition . https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/malnutrition.

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Frequently Asked Questions

1 How can malnutrition occur even in a place like Hong Kong, which is known for its food?

Malnutrition isn't solely about food scarcity but an imbalanced diet, which can happen even in affluent areas like Hong Kong. Fast food culture, reliance on processed foods, and insufficient intake of fruits and vegetables contribute to this imbalance, leading to either over-nutrition or under-nutrition.

2 What are the potential health consequences of long-term malnutrition?

Long-term malnutrition can lead to various health issues, including sudden weight changes (overweight or underweight), digestive problems like indigestion, constipation, or diarrhea, and specific nutrient deficiencies. These can impair normal bodily functions and, in severe cases, contribute to serious conditions like cardiovascular disease and cognitive impairment.

3 How can I identify if I might be experiencing nutrient deficiency?

Signs of severe nutrient deficiency can include sudden changes in weight, pale skin or jaundice, and issues with oral health like swelling. Other indicators might be loss of appetite or, in cases like Vitamin B12 deficiency, potential cognitive impairment, all of which affect normal bodily functions.

4 What steps are recommended to address malnutrition and improve my diet?

To address malnutrition, it is recommended to seek assistance from a nutritionist to create a personalized diet plan. This plan typically involves increasing the intake of fruits, vegetables, and plant-based fats, while reducing processed and fried foods. Adhering to the "less salt, less oil, less sugar" principle and the food pyramid is also advised.