Nutrition Point 小編・Jul 30,2021

令人上癮的食物:揭示成癮原理、健康危害與應對策略

令人上癮的食物

大多數人都喜歡至少一種會令人興奮並最終會令人成癮的產品。這些產品包括運動興奮飲料(它們裝在罐頭裏,看起來像可樂)、汽水、煙草、檳榔、檳榔葉、濃咖啡、濃茶、麻黃(一種在中國消費的類似麻黃鹼的化合物)和酒精。

Quick Answer

令人上癮的食物,如興奮飲料、煙草、檳榔、麻黃和高劑量的咖啡因,會刺激神經末梢產生類似荷爾蒙的物質,引發興奮感,隨後因物質耗盡而感到低落,從而形成渴望再次攝取的惡性循環。這種反覆的神經刺激最終會導致成癮。長期過量攝取這些食物會對身體造成嚴重傷害,例如酒精成癮會導致肝臟損傷和營養缺乏,而煙草和檳榔則可能引致口腔癌。文章指出,每天飲用超過五杯咖啡或茶,其中的咖啡因和黃嘌呤便可能變得有害。

在告訴你為什麼我們不應該吃這些食物和飲品之前,我們應探討一下我們想不斷吃它們的原因。

沒有人不知道,過量進食這些食物和飲品會嚴重傷害我們的身體。然而,即使我們知道,我們仍然發現它們難以抗拒。自古以來,人類(和許多動物)總是沉迷於讓他們情緒高漲和刺激性的食物。用臨床術語來說,情緒高漲意味著心跳加快、出汗、瞳孔擴張或收縮、面部潮紅,以及更加敏感和集中。這些感覺會在幾個小時內消失。之後,我們便會感到無精打采和低落。這會導致我們再次渴望吃到這種食物或飲品,再次體驗高漲的情緒。可怕的是,這會形成一個惡性循環。

這背後的原理是什麼呢?

令人成癮的原理:

當你吃會令人上癮的食物時,它會刺激神經末梢類似荷爾蒙 (hormone-like) 的物質,引發刺激物質的產生,於是你便會感到興奮。可隨著神經附近的物質耗盡,您會進入感到低落的階段,這會導致您再次渴望吃這種食物。反覆的神經刺激最終會導致成癮。

令人上癮的食物和及其副作用:

酒精成癮:導致胃和腸道內壁受到侵蝕、肝臟損傷、缺乏營養的問題。

煙草成癮:導致牙齦和舌頭受到侵蝕,進而引致口腔粘膜癌。

檳榔成癮:導致牙齒變色、口腔內壁腐蝕、口腔癌和上消化道癌。它還會令心臟不好的人出現更多心臟疾病。

馬黃成癮:含有麻黃鹼,會導致心臟疾病。

有氣飲品成癮:含有高劑量的咖啡因。

咖啡因和黃嘌呤成癮:存在於茶或咖啡中。它們只有在非常高的劑量下才會變得有害,所以我們一天不要喝超過五杯便可。

經過多年的經驗,所有醫生都知道要患者戒掉食物成癮是多麼困難的事。所以,和他們一樣,如果你已經上癮了,那麼我只能建議你適當地減少進食這些食物。

Reference:

Abdulrahim, R. (2021). Could You Go for a Month Without Coffee? Ramadan challenges Muslims who have become especially addicted to caffeine this past year.. The Wall Street journal. Eastern edition, 2021-04-07.

Mellinger, Jessica, Winder, Gerald Scott, & Fernandez, Anne C. (2021). Measuring the Alcohol in Alcohol‐Associated Liver Disease: Choices and Challenges for Clinical Research. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 73(3), 1207-1212.

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Frequently Asked Questions

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