Nutrition Point 小編・Jun 12,2021

維他命K:功效、食物來源、缺乏症狀與補充建議

維他命K

<維他命K>

Quick Answer

維他命K是一種重要的脂溶性維他命,主要作為輔酶負責凝血過程,透過γ羧化作用改變凝血蛋白結構,加速其到達傷口以阻止血液流失。除了凝血功能,維他命K對骨骼健康也至關重要,有助於預防骨質疏鬆,研究顯示其不足與骨折風險相關。人體可從大腸細菌合成維他命K2,並透過食用深綠色蔬菜如菜心、芥菜、菠菜和雨衣甘藍攝取維他命K1。維他命K缺乏會導致凝血速度減慢,嚴重時可能危及生命,而嬰兒因腸道微生態未成熟,是維他命K缺乏症的高風險群體。

大家可能知道維他命A有助眼部健康、維他命C對我們的免疫系統(Immune system)有幫助,但又有多少人了解過維他命K 的作用?維他命K 和其他維他命一樣,都對我們身體極為主要。而是次文章將會討論維他命K的作用、及維他命K的化學反應、以及介紹一些維他命K的食品和其缺乏症。

首先,維他命K 主要是以輔酶(Coenzyme)的身份負責凝血(Blood Clotting)。當您不幸地有所損傷,維他命K便會擔起凝血的責任,儘快地阻止血液流失。在凝血的過程中,維他命K會將凝血蛋白(Blood clotting factor)作結構上的改變(透過一種名為γ 羧化作用的化學作用),使它們更易更快地被帶到去傷口那裏。然後維他命K 便再循環再用。雖然這作用看似不太重要,但當人體沒有足夠的維他命K時,他們的凝血速度便會減慢,使他們有機會失血過多。嚴重的話更會有生命危險。除此以外,近年亦有不少研究發現維他命K 不但在凝血上有貢獻,它對骨骼都有一定作用,有助預防骨質疏鬆。其中有不同的實驗都証實了維他命K 不足與骨折有關聯。科學之大,人類未必一一了解。故此科學家們需要更多研究去探索維他命K 和骨骼關係。但概括而言,它對凝血和骨骼都是十分重要。

既然維他命K 是那麼的舉足輕重,我們可以做什麼來確保我們身體有足夠的維他命K 呢?一般而言,成年人很少機會會患上維他命K缺乏症(Vitamin K Deficiency),這是因為身體裏有多於一半的維他命K 都是由我們大腸內的細菌(Microflora)合成(細菌所製造的是維他命K2),再透過腸壁吸收。再者因為維他命K 是脂溶性維他命(Fat-soluble Vitamin),所以若身體有過多的維他命K,可以儲存在脂肪中。當然我們亦可以透過食用一些深綠色的蔬菜,例如是菜心、芥菜、菠菜、雨衣甘藍等來維持我們維他命K的水平(由蔬菜食所攝取的維他命K 為維他命K1)。而最有機會患上維他命K 缺乏症的人便是嬰兒(Infant)。這是因為他們的腸道的微生態未完全成熟,未必能為嬰兒供應足夠的維他命K。所以醫生會為嬰兒補充維他命K。

當然若果您認為自己缺乏維他命K的話,您們應先尋找營養師或醫生的協助,然後才作出相對應的方法,例如使用維他命補充劑。這是因為不是所有人都適合使用維他命K 補充劑。如一些正在使用抗凝血藥如華法林(Warfarin)的病人,因為維他命K 有機會中和了它的藥性。所以千萬要記得在使用任何的補充品前都要先查詢醫生或營養師的意見。

Reference:

  • Booth, S. L., Tucker, K. L., Chen, H., Hannan, M. T., Gagnon, D. R., Cupples, L. A., Wilson, P. W., Ordovas, J., Schaefer, E. J., Dawson-Hughes, B., & Kiel, D. P. (2000). Dietary vitamin K intakes are associated with hip fracture but not with bone mineral density in elderly men and women. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 71(5), 1201–1208.
  • Donaldson, C. J., & Harrington, D. J. (2017). Therapeutic warfarin use and the extrahepatic functions of vitamin K-dependent proteins. British journal of biomedical science, 74(4), 163–169.
  • Feskanich, D., Weber, P., Willett, W. C., Rockett, H., Booth, S. L., & Colditz, G. A. (1999). Vitamin K intake and hip fractures in women: a prospective study. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 69(1), 74–79.
  • Kaneki, M., Hodges, S. J., Hosoi, T., Fujiwara, S., Lyons, A., Crean, S. J., Ishida, N., Nakagawa, M., Takechi, M., Sano, Y., Mizuno, Y., Hoshino, S., Miyao, M., Inoue, S., Horiki, K., Shiraki, M., Ouchi, Y., & Orimo, H. (2001). Japanese fermented soybean food as the major determinant of the large geographic difference in circulating levels of vitamin K2: possible implications for hip fracture risk. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.), 17(4), 315–321.
  • Tsugawa, N., & Shiraki, M. (2020). Vitamin K Nutrition and Bone Health. Nutrients12(7), 1909.
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Frequently Asked Questions

1 How does Vitamin K contribute to my health, especially for bones, and how can I ensure adequate intake?

Vitamin K is crucial for blood clotting and also plays a role in bone health, helping to prevent osteoporosis. You can maintain your Vitamin K levels by consuming dark green leafy vegetables, and your gut bacteria also synthesize Vitamin K2.

2 What are the best food sources for Vitamin K, and is it necessary to take supplements?

Excellent dietary sources of Vitamin K1 include dark green leafy vegetables like choy sum, spinach, and kale. While adults rarely experience Vitamin K deficiency, it's important to consult a nutritionist or doctor before considering any supplements.

3 Are there any important considerations or risks when increasing Vitamin K intake, especially if I'm on medication?

Yes, if you are taking anticoagulant medications such as Warfarin, increasing Vitamin K intake or taking supplements can neutralize its effects. Always consult your doctor or a nutritionist before making changes to your Vitamin K intake or starting supplementation.

4 What are the key functions of Vitamin K in the body, and how can I assess my Vitamin K status?

Vitamin K primarily aids in blood clotting by modifying clotting proteins, preventing excessive blood loss from injuries. It also plays a role in bone health, helping to prevent osteoporosis. For a comprehensive understanding of your nutritional status, professional assessment is recommended.